Week 26: Research Ethics

• Your research must be respectful of the participants and avoid causing them harm, distress, anxiety or disadvantage.
• 3 important principles: -protection from harm, -confidentiality, -minimise deception, 

The key principles of research ethics

Here are some key principles summarised from New Zealand Association for Research in Education (NZARE) (2010) Ethical Guidelines:

• Seek at all times to avoid harm and do good.
• The rights and welfare of learners, research participants and the public should take precedence over the researcher's self-interest.
• Have a specific duty of care to research participants: to avoid unnecessary anxiety or harm to participants, groups or communities by the research procedures that are used, by the details in the research reports, or as a consequence of participating in the research.
• Give participants a clear description of why the research is being undertaken, what it involves, how it will be reported, and the extent of public availability before participants make a decision about their involvement in a project. Their consent to being involved should then be sought without undue pressure or persuasion and they should have the right to withdraw at any time.
• Consider the capacity of each potential participant to give consent or assent to participate. In research that involves young children, parents or caregivers also need to be asked for their consent.
• Store confidential information securely and de-identify whenever practicable. Keep individual information or private matters strictly confidential.
• Make sure that the participants’ educational progress is not hindered when research projects take time away from regular teaching and learning activities.
• Give a report of research findings to participants to enable them to benefit, directly or indirectly, from their willingness to facilitate the research exercise (NZARE, 2010).

Week 25: Data collection

Developing a hunch:
Ministry of Education (n.d) points out “without evidence to back them up, hunches remain subjective.” The Ministry goes further, saying that well-planned data gathering can “reveal new patterns of insight, justify change and motivate colleagues, stakeholders, and school leaders into taking action.” (Ministry of Education, n.d).

Criterion 3 of Research assessment 2, as evidence of community engagement, you are required to include in your teacher inquiry plan how you plan to collect data from the relevant members of your community. You have to explain which data collection tool(s) you plan to use, such as survey forms, interview schedules, etc. and why you think these are suitable

What is the difference between ‘Data’ and ‘Evidence’?
The data that you gather can be categorised into two types: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data is data that is numerical and helps answer questions like “what?” and “how many?” but is not always able to explain “why” the situation happens (Easton, 2012). Qualitative data is data that is descriptive (i.e. text rather than numbers) and often gives more detail and greater depth in answering the “why?” questions. However, as researchers are not always able to collect qualitative data from a large population, you need to be careful when making generalisations based on qualitative data (Easton, 2012). 

Examples of quantitative data include:

• Surveys: the number of responses to close-ended questions in a survey (e.g. multiple choice, Likert scale, Yes/No, True/False)
• Pre and post test: student grades or test scores
• Classroom (or other location) observations: e.g. Behaviour tally sheets
• Students’ just-in-time responses using digital technologies and posts on social media: the number of responses.

Examples of qualitative data include:

• Document analysis such as students’ essays or blogs
• Surveys: the answers you get from open-ended questions in a survey
• Focus groups and/or interviews: The responses from the interviewees
• Classroom (or other locations) observations: field notes
• Students’ just-in-time responses using digital technologies and postings on social media: the content (text-based) of the responses.

What data do you need to collect?

Once you have a clear definition about what your inquiry is actually looking at, think about the data that you need to collect. For example, if you define achievement as the mean of your class’s test results, you need to collect data from your students’ test scores. Or, if you define achievement as meaning improved skills to perform collaborative tasks, you might want to talk to students (or their teachers) about their skills, or observe the students when they work on their collaborative tasks, or look at their collaborative worksheets. These are data collection methods, which you would choose based on the data that you are interested in.

Surveys:

Survey reading

Week 20/21

Research and Research Questions:


After my last blog reflection (Week 19) I thought some more about my Research and Research area that I had identified in the blog post (Leading change and Leadership and key competencies) and I reflected on our Strategic goals at my school. (Strategic Goal 2: Create Educationally Powerful Relationships with Parents, Family and Whanau to encourage engagement in learning)

One of the areas we had identified was educationally powerful connections with whanau. We get so many whanau to sporting and cultural events but the moment we have a learning focus then we do not get the same response of parents.
So our question is How do we create educationally powerful connections? What difference will this make to our results if we do?
With our SAF work with TeIwi Ngaro Dunn we have chosen our focus learners (year 5) and 16 parents from that group. We are interviewing the students and whanau to find out more about how we can connect better and how we can create those educationally powerful relationships.
So because I was doing all this work anyway I thought I want my Mindlab research to be on this topic. I emailed the mindlab helpdesk to ask if I could  change my research topic to Whanau Engagement. They approved the topic as it has a collaboration focus. 

Agile User Story:

As a leader at Tuakau School  I want to create educationally powerful relationships with the whanau of the target group (yr 5)  students in order to work together to raise  Mathematics achievement.

As a ____________(somebody) I want to be able to do ____________(something) so that I can achieve___________(some result)

Qualitative Questions:

How can  creating educationally powerful relationships between home and school impact student achievement in Mathematics?

 The potential of Kaupapa Māori is based upon six intervention elements or principles http://www.katoa.net.nz/kaupapa-maori

• Tino Rangatiratanga - The Principle of Self-determination
• Taonga Tuku Iho - The Principle of Cultural Aspiration
• Ako Māori - The Principle of Culturally Preferred Pedagogy
• Kia piki ake i ngā raruraru o te kainga - The Principle of Socio-Economic Mediation
• Whānau - The Principle of Extended Family Structure
• Kaupapa - The Principle of Collective Philosophy

How do I  ensure these are integrated into my Literature Review and Teacher Inquiry project plan? 

 Read, analyse and critically evaluate relevant research and write a literature review on Whanau engagement. 

Turning your inquiry topic(s) into an break-down inquiry question

Your Inquiry Topics	Break-down Template	Your  break-down inquiry question
Whanau Engagement	If I/we …(describe the plan action),	If we create educational  powerful relationships with whanau
	To what extent/ how will it affect….. (the reaction you plan to measure/evaluate)	how will it effect achievement in Mathematics
	in…. (in which group of people).	for our Year 5 target learners

Turning a break-down inquiry question to an initial teacher inquiry question

Your  break-down inquiry question	Initial teacher inquiry question template	Your teacher inquiry question
If we create educational powerful  relationships between home and school	How ….(described the plan action)	How does Educationally powerful relationships between home and school
how will it effect achievement in Mathematics	affect …..(the reaction you plan to measure/evaluate)	affect achievement in Mathematics
for our Year 5 target learners	in...(in which group of people)	for our Year 5 target learners.

Turning the initial teacher inquiry question into an initial literature review question

Your initial Teacher Inquiry question	Your initial literature review question
How does Educationally powerful relationships between home and school affect achievement in Mathematics for our Year 5 target learners.	What impact does whanau engagement have on achievement? (outcomes) How does educationally powerful relationships with school and home impact achievement?

Week 19: Contribution of Teacher Inquiry Topics to my Communities of Practice

Week 19:  Contribution of Teacher Inquiry Topics to my Communities of Practice

Step 1: Descriptive:

The two  inquiry topics that I am interesting in exploring further are both in Leadership. The first is  Leading change (week 9). I am interested in the challenges that occur in leading change and techniques

that can be used to successfully lead change.

The other topic I am interested in exploring is Leadership and the key competencies. How do good Leaders promote teacher leadership and knowledge as a verb.

My community of practice for both of these inquiries is the leadership team at Tuakau School. Knox, B. (2009, December 4) describes a community of practice as a group of people who share a passion for something they know how to do, and who interact regularly to learn how to do it better. Our leadership team includes myself who is currently a walking DP, Vanessa Hira who is also completing Mindlab, Aimee Courtney who is new to our leadership team and school this year and Margaret Kaa our Principal who is retiring at the end of Term 2.

We are all passionate about leadership and we do all interact formally and informally in our quest to lead Tuakau School in a better way.

The three characteristics of Community of Practice are:

Domain: We are all members of the leadership team and lead the main curriculum areas in the school. Being members of this group distinguishes us from the rest of the staff and we value our collective competence and learn from each other. (as defined by Wenger-Trayner, E., & Wenger-Trayner, B. (2015).

Community:  In our COP we join in discussions, help each other and share information on leadership. We have build relationships that are based on trust and we are able to challenge each other and share our understandings while respecting the input from each other.

Practice: The leadership team are developing a shared set of practices to deal with issues and solve leadership problems.

Step 2: Comparative:

I have chosen both of these topics as they will be relevant for all of the people in our community of practice. Aimee is a new leader this year so learning about leading change and the challenges involved would benefit her. With Margaret retiring there might be some time that I am Acting Principal so I will have more opportunities to lead change and therefore this topic would be important for me. Vanessa could be stepping up to a DP role so leading change will be part of her portfolio so deciding on models and techniques for leading change will be beneficial.

Research that will help with this topic would be Kotter, J. (1996). Leading Change. Also Coherence by Fullan & Quinn, 2016,

The second topic I want to consider is Key competencies and Leadership. This is something that is relevant to all of our leadership team. We all lead a team. Vanessa leads seniors, myself the middle syndicate and Aimee the juniors. We all need to examine the curriculum and explore ways to support teachers to become leaders in their classrooms.

Freeth, W. (2013) says A change of culture goes hand in hand with a change of conceptualisations of knowledge and of leadership. Leaders not only need to see their role differently, but engage and relate differently with their day-to-day realities.

Additional piece of research for this inquiry would be BES - School Leadership and Student Outcomes: Identifying what works and why.

Step 3: Critical reflection:

Leading change: Using Fullan and Quinns model our implications in leading change are so relevant to our community of practice. Reflecting on where we are now I think the most important areas are Cultivating collaborative cultures and Deepening Learning for ourselves as leaders and for the teachers we are leading.
Time is going to be a factor, making sure we allow time to choose a model and all unpack it together in our COP. 

Leadership and the key competencies: We need to as leaders gather voice from our teams and find out how confident our teachers are at being leaders in the classroom. What does that look like at Tuakau School? . We all have a focus on the key competencies but how deep is that embeded? How does that build up across the school? Do we need to create a framework of expectations across the school?

In our community of practice we need to develop a shared practice around the key competencies.

References:

Finlay, L. (2009). Reflecting on reflective practice. Practice-based Professional Learning Centre, Open University. Retrieved from http://www.open.ac.uk/opencetl/sites/www.open.ac.uk.opencetl/files/files/ecms/web-content/Finlay-(2008)-Reflecting-on-reflective-practice-PBPL-paper-52.pdf

Freeth, W. (2013).Towards Reconceptualising Leadership: The Implications of the Revised New Zealand Curriculum for School Leaders. TLRI.  Retrieved from http://www.tlri.org.nz/sites/default/files/projects/Towards%20reconceptualising%20leadership.%20A%20Case%20Study.pdf

Knox, B. (2009, December 4).Cultivating Communities of Practice: Making Them Grow.[video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhMPRZnRFkk

Wenger-Trayner, E., & Wenger-Trayner, B. (2015). Introduction to communities of practice: A brief overview of the concept and its uses. Retrieved fromhttp://wenger-trayner.com/introduction-to-communities-of-practice/

Week 18 - Future-oriented Learning and Teaching

Activity 2: Reflecting on changes in my future oriented teaching practice

I will be using Gibbs reflective cycle as a framework for this reflection. (Finlay, 2008, pg 8)

Step 1: Description: 
Today I will be focusing on Theme 3: A curriculum that uses knowledge to develop learning capability.  "Knowledge is seen as more like a verb than a noun. Knowledge is about creating knowledge and using knowledge, and bringing it to solve problems and find solutions to challenges. "(Bolstad, R et al,  2012, pg 32)
At Tuakau School myself and a colleague designed an inquiry model that developed learning capability. This reflection relates to my leadership of embedding this model into practice at my school. 

Step 2: (Feelings)
I knew the importance of changing our curriculum. "Reproducing existing knowledge can no longer be education's core goal" (Bolstad, R et al,  2012, pg 9) and thought that this inquiry model would be a great way to redesign the understanding of knowledge for our tamariki. I just had to lead this change and ensure all the staff at our school also knew the importance of redefining knowledge.
During our mindlab session on Inquiry we shared our model and Tuakau College saw our model and asked if they could share it with their senior management so I was excited about the possibility that our tamariki would be able to use this model after they leave us and that they will be able to continue to display "learning to do" one of the UNESCO pillars of learning. (Bolstad, R et al,  2012, pg 32) 

Step 3: Evaluation:
What was good about this experience: Having a school wide model of student inquiry was positive. Everyone using the same language and seeing the students enthusiasm and ownership for their learning was so positive. The ways students used their learning was great. Letters to the prime minister, talking to local council members and sharing their learning with others. 
What was bad about this experience: We spend alot of time working with the junior school in how to implement this model for the younger children. Teachers were quite frustrated and overwhelmed with the thought of it. But we overcame this by breaking the model down and scaffolding it with students. The junior teachers would teach the skills for one part of the model each term. eg. Term 1: Asking questions. This would mean the children learnt the model and would be scaffolded to redesign knowledge understanding and would be able to do in independently further up the school.

Step 4: Analysis: 
Analysing my leadership of this change initiative I displayed transformational leadership. 
(Bass and Riggio 2005) state that “ transformational leaders empower followers to pay attention to their individual needs and personal development, helping followers to develop their own leadership potential”  
This was displayed when I worked with the junior team. I allowed them to design an implementation model to introduce the Inquiry model to the younger children and scaffold them to re-design knowledge and how to use their learning to make a difference. By doing this it enabled the laggards "who are so worried they stay awake all night, tossing and turning, thinking up arguments against it" (Robinson, L 2009, pg 6) to become innovators. They had control over where, and which part of the inquiry model they introduced and this was very successful.

Step 5: Conclusion: This was a successful innovation. One of the other reasons for this was that the inquiry model was designed with the Team Leader of the yrs 4-6. So this teacher was an innovator who implemented this so well in the Senior area of the school. The teachers in this are became supports to other teachers and the children were role models sharing their learning with the younger children in the school.

Step 6: Action Plan:
Future implications:

• Planning for how we can unpack our inquiry model with our parents and whanau. 
• Working with Tuakau College so we can use the Tuakau Inquiry Cycle across both schools.

References

Bass, B, & Riggio, R.E. (2005). Transformational Leadership (Second Edition), Routledge

Bolstad, R., Gilbert, J., McDowall, S., Bull, A., Boyd, S., & Hipkins, R. (2012). Supporting future-oriented learning and teaching- a New Zealand perspective. Report prepared for the Ministry of Education. Retrieved from
https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/publications/schooling/109306

Finlay, L. (2009). Reflecting on reflective practice. PBPL. Retrieved from
https://www.open.ac.uk/opencetl/sites/www.open.ac.uk.opencetl/files/files/ecms/web-content/Finlay-(2008)-Reflecting-on-reflective-practice-PBPL-paper-52.pdf

Robinson, L. (2009). A summary of Diffusion of Innovations. Changeology. Retrieved from http://www.enablingchange.com.au/Summary_Diffusion…

Week 17 / My Reflective Practice

Activity 1: My reflective practice

.
I am going to use the following model  (adopted from Jay and Johnson’s 2002 reflective model)  to examine my own reflective practice:

Descriptive: What is my current reflective practice:

As a walking Deputy Principal my current reflections are on my leadership practice. I reflect on the change initiative I have introduced or lead. What happened and how did staff respond? What could I have done differently and how might that improved the change initiative?

This happens informally in my head and also formally as part of my appraisal. I have an external appraiser who often will question decisions and aspects of my leadership. I then will explain why I made those decisions and what theory I used to base that on and we will then discuss what I could do next and and the expected outcome.

Our whole staff use reflection to collect evidence for the Standards for the Teaching Profession. We use a reflection model offered by Driscoll (1994) It has a simple ‘what’, ‘so what’ and ‘now what’ process, which enables us to look at the whole event.

Our reflections have generally been individual. Teachers reflecting on aspects of their practice.

Comparative: Reflect on alternatives and other viewpoints in light of research.

Examining my reflection in terms of  Zeichner and Listons (1996) Five Levels of Reflection (cited in Finlay, 2008, p.4):

My reflection informally and formally on my appraisal blog involves levels 1, 2 and 3. Rapid reflection, Repair and Review)  My leadership inquiry involves level 4 (Research) as I collected student, teacher and parent voice to collect data on the effectiveness of the change initiative. My Mindlab inquiry (assignment 2) involved Level 5.  (Retheorizing and reformulating) I critically examined my own practice in light of leadership theory and I critically examined what we did during the change initiative and how this would impact our future leadership.

Most of my formal reflections have been solitary except for my leadership inquiry where I work with my external appraiser and those conversations are much more critical reflection.

Ghaye (2000) (cited in Finlay, 2008, p.7)  calls this a reflective conversation. " a mentor and a student seek to solve problems collaboratively"

Critical Reflection: What are the implications for your reflective practice when viewed from these alternative perspectives?

To provide more opportunities for collaborative reflection. We need to add a session to our Leadership meetings where we get to critically reflect on our practice with the leadership team. Each team member can share their reflections of a current change initiative and the team can seek to solve problems collaboratively.

For the teachers in our school we need to timetable in time for them to meet in  Professional Learning Groups where they can have opportunities for reflective conversations and collaboratively discuss their teacher inquiry and reflections and  solve problems together.

Time is the biggest factor to quality reflection so I need to timetable regular time each week to allow time to retheorize and reformulate my practice. This means deepening my reflections by examining my practice and theories in light of research. I need to prioritize time for this.

We need to unpack our  What? So what? Now What? reflection model with staff.. We need to add reflective questions under each stage. I think we can compare this model to Jay and Johnson's reflective model and the Description section would be the 'What"

Add some questions that ask the reflector to describe the current situation, how are they feeling about that and what is working/not working.

The second "So what" section would be getting voice from others on what is happening, examining research, thinking about what is not working and how to fix it.

The 3rd stage "Now what" would be the critical reflection. What are the implications from the voice and research?

References:

Finlay, L. (2009). Reflecting on reflective practice. Practice-based Professional Learning Centre, Open University. Retrieved from http://www.open.ac.uk/opencetl/sites/www.open.ac.uk.opencetl/files/files/ecms/web-content/Finlay-(2008)-Reflecting-on-reflective-practice-PBPL-paper-52.pdf

SkillsTeamHullUni. (2014, March 3). Reflective writing.[video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoI67VeE3ds

Zalipour, A. (2015). www Reflective Practice. Retrieved fromhttps://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/360861/Reflective-Practice-June-2015.pdf

Week 7

Digital: Blended Learning
Blended Learning Models

Reflection on our school and what techniques are used.
Discussion : We think Te Waahi is using Rotation model and Flex model. Students move on an individual and fluid pathway eg. SDL